what change was introduced in the mosaics of sant'apollinare nuovo?
Lukes mention of eight days is a further affirmation of this interpretation. Perhaps that could make a good article for the OAJ ?. We were made in the image of God, but had the task to grow in His likeness through love for and obedience to Him. To this paradise add animals, trees, birds, and a saint. Ravenna was the seat of the Roman Empire in the 5th century and then of Byzantine Italy until the 8th century. Our bishop Apollinare is a spiritual gardener as well as a priest. people changes the images for "political" purposes. The process is completed in transfiguration, a living light that knows no diminution in its sharing. first built by Theodoric to be his palace chapel, Such is the sixth century apse mosaic at the basilica of Saint Apollinare in Classe, five miles from Ravenna, Italy. For the sake of completeness we can mention the date palms that stand either side of the apse. - [Beth] The female virgin martyrs that we see all carry crowns. Whom do you seek? Supposing him to be the gardener, she said to him, Sir, if you have carried him away, tell me where you have laid him, and I will take him away.. We have instead the cross, with Christs face set in a small medallion at its centre, and the large figure of Saint Apollinare. The creation account in Genesis (2:15) tells us that The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it. Yellow or deeper green tesserae surround each created thing. How are we to understand the large figure of Saint Apollinare (identified by the inscription SANCTVS APOLENARIS)? God promised: I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come, to be your God and the God of your descendants after you (Genesis 17:7). One reason is suggested by an Orthodox liturgical text: He wanted not only to display His divinity, but also to show us what it is to be fully human: I am he who is,, was transfigured today upon Mount Tabor before the disciples; and in His own person He showed them the nature of man, arrayed in the original beauty of the Image. But I would suggest that our cross also suggests the Ascension, or rather the words of the angels accompanying the Ascension: Men of Galilee, they said, why do you stand here looking into the sky? I have the privilege of possessing a few of the original sixth century tesserae from this mosaic, given me by one of the restorers who worked on it in the 1970s. This hymn was composed perhaps as early as the fifth century, and certainly no later than the seventh, so it may well have been known by the person who designed the mosaic and therefore support this interpretation of the bees on Apollinares chasuble. This reminds me of something that Saint Paissius of the Holy Mountain once said to me. Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2004, page 19. Our mosaic garden has a pleasing blend of orderliness and variation. The number ninety-nine appears again in the Bible and offers a second, complementary layer of meaning. Place a check (V)(\boldsymbol{V})(V) in the blank next to each sentence that uses capitalization correctly. Photos cannot do justice to this mosaic. There's that flat gold background that is typically Byzantine in style. For the Greeks it became paradeisos, a park for animals. (remains, remain), Early Christian, 417-421; Church of Santa Croce, Ravenna; Placidia wasn't actually buried there, but was a patron of it; made of spolia/reused bricks; may have also been a memorial chapel, may have been buried in San Vitale; 13th century held that she was buried in the mausoleum; most likely buried in Rome in St. Peter's, windows first glass, now alabaster; barrel vaults in the equal cross arms; originally made of ancient yellow marble; large sarcophagi, probably last few Roman emperors. And we have also the white garments of Moses and Elijah, which, standing as they do against a golden background, appear not quite so brilliant as the sheep. As the men were leaving Jesus, Peter said to him, Master, it is good for us to be here. In general I would say the West has a richer iconographic tradition when it comes to creative variation in mural schema than the East does. Ours is a seventh century work, but of poor quality, probably due to the multiple restorations it has suffered over the centuries. This is in fact an amalgamation of two mosaics from nearby San Vitale, and was probably made around 670, at the same time as the mosaic on the opposite wall that depicts Constantine IV (668-685). . - [Beth] These were foreigners. When the church was This sign of the Son of Man has been understood by the Church Fathers to be the cross. The combo ticket includes a small museum on site, as well as the churches of San Vitale and Galla Placidia. The Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo is a UNESCO World Heritage site and is regarded as one of the most crucially important sites of Medieval Christian art in Europe. and their confrontation. These two simple letters capitulate the whole theme of the apse mosaic. - [Steven] In fact, this SantApollinare in Classe mosaic. Identify the following term or individual and explain their significance. They symbolize the four evangelists: the eagle is John; the man Matthew, the lion Mark, and the ox Luke. In our mosaic we find coloured clouds both in the apse and on the uppermost register (executed in the 9th century) atop the triumphal arch. One sees such palms in many other Italian mosaics, such as at SantApollinare Nuovo in Ravenna (6th c.), the ceiling mosaic of Arian Baptistery also in Ravenna (5th c.), at Santa Prassede in Rome (9th c.), and in the apse mosaic of Santa Cecilia also in Rome (9th c.). The altar table, symbolically speaking, is the exclusive prerogative of the Church, but the ciborium protects this altar, and this protection the state can offer through its laws and privileges. So as well as depicting Apollinare as a celebrating bishop, our mosaic also suggests his and by extension, our role as acting role as kings and queens within the world. Also, on either side of the great jewelled cross are three sheep. As kings as well as priests, we are called not just to give thanks for all creation, but also to work within it to transform it like bees. esk; Dansk; Deutsch; English; Espaol; Franais . The evangelists summarize the whole work of Christ about which they wrote, from His birth through to His Ascension and the sending of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost. Sometimes in the Gospels people blurt out things that appear to be mistakes but end up being prophetical. As we have discussed, our mosaic concentrates on the purpose of events in Christs life, and not just the events themselves. It was not in fact not surprising that Christ shone with light, for He is the glory of the Father, light from light, true God from true God. 6th century (Original mosaics ca. We see on the table, two large fish, loaves of bread, and the A hand symbolizing the voice of the Father. Its emerald green does not just reflect light; it emanates light. But now we know the praises of this pillar,which glowing fire ignites for God's honour,a fire into many flames divided,yet never dimmed by sharing of its light,for it is fed by melting wax,drawn out by mother beesto build a torch so precious.[2]. Creatures in paradise We see sheep, but also birds perched on trees, rocks, grass, and even on the floral adornment of the border. Is this precise number significant? In this context it is worthwhile tracing the development of the word paradise, since the many associations it has accrued over time are present in our mosaic. The event is . One key to the deeper meaning of our mosaic is given in fact some days before the event of the Transfiguration itself. As Metropolitan Kallistos Ware has written, One is priest (Christ); some are priests (the ordained clergy); all are priests (the laity). The mosaic is very similar to one of Emperor Justinian found in nearby at San Vitale, and is no doubt based on it. liturgical ceremony and texts, and relevant This suggests, as with Melchezidek, a union of priestly and royal ministries. Their authority therefore exists not to subjugate and oppress their medium, but to raise it up and make it even more articulate. martyrs on the other side. What does all this imagery mean? We will never spam you or share your information with others. When modern man makes streetlights for the night he places the lampposts regularly and makes each lamp identical in brightness and colour. So the cross in our mosaic is the sign of the Son of Man that will appear in the heavens in the last days, a sign of His Second Coming. We are witnessing the material word shining with light, like Christs garment on Mount Tabor. The female saints in SantApollinare Nuovo (c. 550570 ce) in the same town wear costumes set with green glass cubes among which appear both patterns and large fields of gold tesserae, producing a striking similarity to rich silk brocade. This tier capitulates all that happens below. figures that are seated around a table that are We could say that he is there simply because he was the first bishop of Ravenna. The mosaics depict a variety of plants, rocks and birds, some of which are indigenous to the area. The Byzantine navy was the naval force of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire. Lucky for us ! As a young man in my 30s, I beheld the beauty of this mosaic in Ravenna, contemplating all that appeared and for years trying to understand the conflation of imagery therein. It was erected by the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great as his palace chapel during the first quarter of the 6th century (as attested to in the Liber Pontificalis ). But they are surely there also, along with the birds, to remind us that all creatures are created by God and are thus part of His kingdom. This is an appropriate scene, both because of the Holy Liturgy that is celebrated in front of it and because of our mosaics priestly and regal theme. The purpose of His incarnation was to gather all creation into Himself, and in particular to unite our human nature with His own divine nature. The Ladder of Divine Ascent icon showing monks ascending to Jesus in Heaven, top right. This theme of beginning and end is further alluded to by the depiction (executed in the 7th century) of Jerusalem and Bethlehem atop the triumphal arch. What change was introduced in the mosaics of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo? Our bishop Apollinare is a spiritual gardener as well as a priest. It was not in fact not surprising that Christ shone with light, for He is the glory of the Father, light from light, true God from true God. On the right is Archbishop Reparatus (671-677), receiving from the Emperor the scroll with its promise of privileges. Mountains are where people meet God. And instead of the mountain of Tabor we have a garden. In Aramaic it explicitly refers to a royal park. Being a human person capable of a relationship with the living God, Saint Apollinare has a full halo of gold. A divine hand reaches down from the summit of the semi-dome. But what of its many differences? line is Saint Martin, to whom this church was rededicated after the Ostrogoths were vanquished. In this mosaic, the angel are surrounding the bearded Jesus. The sheep are also of course white, and stand out particularly against the green. A church built onto a family home. - [Beth] The precessional As an aside, it is interesting to contrast this scene with that in Genesis. I thank the Opera Religion of the Diocese of Ravenna for its hospitality and availability. Unlike perhaps the most famous church in Ravenne, San Vitale, which is a central plan, Sant'Apollinare Nuovo is a Basilica plan. Sign up here to receive email notifications when new articles are published. Such sunrise type clouds are common in apsidal mosaics in Rome. But this visual discourse is not merely to be observed. Like the conch mosaic that takes liberties with historical reality in order to reveal the deeper meaning of the event, this mosaic panel also has some interesting additions. The wise artist or craftsperson uses their power over the medium with love and discernment, to raise the raw material into something even more beautiful. Luke tells us that they were speaking about Christs departure about to be fulfilled in Jerusalem. Two saints are set in this golden sea, pointing to Christ. He also wears also a simple crown to denote his regal status as king of Salem. Also, on either side of the great jewelled cross are three sheep. As with the eighth day Resurrection, the childs eighth day circumcision is the first day of his everlasting membership of Gods community. The number eight arises again in this context, linking the Abrahamic covenant with the Transfiguration and Resurrection: God commands the Israelites to circumcise all their males eight days after their birth. This haloed saint stands in the midst of the garden, with his hands raised in prayer. 405-431 and builder of Ravennas cathedral and baptistery; and Ursicinus (VRSISINVS), bishop 533 -536, and commissioner of SantApollinare in Classe. We could say that he is there simply because he was the first bishop of Ravenna. The mosaic was very colorful and had two Greek inscriptions that describe the ancient church fathers, who built the church for a martyr named "Theodoros." The mosaic was also covered in. Why the stars, and why are the clouds coloured? I think there are few examples of liturgical art that embody such a wide spectrum of Christs work as this mosaic at SantApollinare in Classe. We think of Mount Sinai in particular, where Moses met the Lord. It is in fact a depiction of the Transfiguration of Christ, as described in the Gospel accounts of Matthew 17:1-8, Mark 9:2-8 and, most notably, Luke 9:28-36. church, furthest toward the apse where the Eucharist would be performed, is a scene of the Last Supper. In the centre is Christ in a medallion. This is the institution of These bishops, together with Saint Apollinare (the first bishop of Ravenna), serve to locate within the apostolic succession each priest who celebrates in the basilica. rid of the goth king and to take this back This Arian church was dedicated in 504 to Christ the Redeemer in Ravenna Italy on November 4 2012. Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna6th century. Why the stars, and why are the clouds coloured? Abraham is also priestly, ready even to offer his own son on the altar. They spoke about his departure, which he was about to bring to fulfilment at Jerusalem. Because this image is so multivalenced, I think the simplest approach is to work verse by verse through Lukes description of the Transfiguration and see how the mosaic interprets his words. Ravenna was their capital. This Mass names the Virgin Mary, male apostles, and saints, and seven female martyrs (each depicted in Ravenna's Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo): St. Felicitas, St. Perpetua, St. Agatha, St. Lucy, St. Agnes, St. Cecilia, and St. Anastasia. This same Jesus, who has been taken from you into heaven, will come back in the same way you have seen him go into heaven (Acts 1:11). Bethlehem, His birthplace, represents the beginning of Christs earthly ministry, and Jerusalem the fulfilment of it. Shop our jewelry in italy selection from top sellers and makers around the world. . Which phrase best describes the style of the Christ as Good Shepherd mosaic from the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia at Ravenna? Our God-given power within the world is, I think, best understood in an artistic sense rather than exploitative. that would have been right next to this church. - [Steven] Just imagine The Church can prophetically oppose a secular power that acts contrary to Gods commandments, but it can also accept material assistance from it if this genuinely aids the Churchs spiritual work and benefits peoples lives. We recall that not only did Christs person shine with light on Tabor, but also His inanimate garments. desire to understand more about the So this hymn traces the stages from God-given nectar, to the work bees transforming nectar into honey and wax, followed by mans work to change the wax into candle. a fire into many flames divided, The figures displaying gammadia are almost exclusively male, except for a long line of female martyr-saints in the mosaics of the Basilica of St. Apollinare Nuovo. They're placed in between the arched windows. Christ is the second Adam, who becomes and fulfils all that the first Adam (that is, us) failed to be and do. Our guide started pointing out "ghostly images" in the . It is where we are in intimate communion with God. Above that are smaller Below Saint Apollinare, set between the windows, are mosaics of four previous bishops of Ravenna: Ecclesius (ECLESIVS), who was bishop of Ravenna from 522 to 532 and founder of San Vitale; Severus (SCS SEVERVS), a revered bishop of Ravenna in the 340s; Ursus (SCS VRSVS), bishop ca. The apse is instead devoid of mosaics as it was destroyed by an earthquake and was rebuilt later. While he was speaking, a cloud appeared and covered them, and they were afraid as they entered the cloud. Shop our jewelry from italy selection from top sellers and makers around the world. It is interesting to contrast this scene with that in Genesis. Quite remarkably, close inspection of the little golden designs on Saint Apollinares chasuble reveals that they are in fact bees. Your donations help to fund the important work Some of these themes were without doubt intended by the designer. American Indian Movement. Or to use another analogy, as spiritual gardeners we are to cultivate the wild and wonderful world into a garden. Hence we find below the cross also the Latin words, Salus Mundi, the salvation of the world. St Apollinare himself is clothed in a brilliant white dalmatic under his chasuble. NOT! It is not a matter of being artistically creative for its own sake, but of being more theologically and pastorally alive so that we can express timeless things in a fresh way in order to wake us up. In fact, his palace was next door. Luke tells us that eight days before His Transfiguration (Matthew and Mark say six), Christ spoke to His disciples of His Second Coming, saying that He would come in His glory and in the glory of the Father and of the holy angels. Thank you now for the clarity of this revelation and explanation. (figure 6) These two simple letters capitulate the whole theme of the apse mosaic. A paradise is a secure enclosure, with the suggestion therefore of permanence; it is a domain, a kingdom; it is a large garden or park; it includes animals; it is a royal park, where the king and queen enjoy the company of their family and friends; and it is a place where God has placed us and given us a task. Nov 2019. 3. Melchizedeks garment is identical to those worn by high priests Aaron in the third century fresco at Dura-Europos and Caiaphas in the sixth century mosaic in nearby SantApollinare Nuovo. A house church can best be described as: Choose one answer. 0% 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful There, according to the Genesis account, God placed us humans and give us the task to cultivate it. The Journal covers visual arts, music, By the 6th century BC the Assyrians adopted it as pardesu, domain. This was a church that The phrase Son of Man coming in his Kingdom the phrase often used to describe Christs Second Coming at the end of the age. We're not sure who they are. We are clearly looking not at a wild forest but a garden, one cared for by men and women. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. On the left side are the secular authorities: the emperor and his brothers Heraclius and Tiberius, with a fourth figure holding a ciborium. It depicts the priest King Melchezidek standing behind an altar with bread and wine, with Abel offering a lamb on his right, and Abraham offering Isaac on his left. Here in our mosaic we see a garden made according to this same divine pattern of a perfect imperfection, and not a sterile symmetry. A mountaintop is a place of ecstasy, from which we eventually have to descend. Early Christian, 493-504; established by Theodoric when he was king of Italy; palace church; relics of St. Apollinarus brought here in 9th cent. It embraces you. These female saints on the north wall of the church stand opposite opposite a mosaic of male martyr- saints on the south wall whose clothing reveals different gammadia. They represent Peter, James and John whom Christ took onto mount Tabor to witness His transformation. The platytera in the apse; pantokrator in the dome; etc, although of course traditional and significant, are not the only things we can put in our churches. It embraces you. Through the Spirit dwelling within them and transfiguring them He will be closer than if He were present only in the flesh as a human individual. The Cross: Christs Second Coming in glory, The jewelled Cross, sign of Christs transfiguration, crucifixion and Second Coming. Thus the cross in our mosaic is golden and jewelled, to show that it is not only the instrument of the crucifixion but also the sign of conquest and transformation, the means by which Christ tramples down death by death. The uppermost band presents Christ's . There He walks and talks with us. It is as though Christ were stepping back a little in order to bring our transfigured state to the fore. Leonardo's Last Supper, but this is so different in how the artist represented the story. We are clearly looking not at a wild forest but a garden, one cared for by men and women. them, there is no sky. Light thereby literally comes from within the mosaic itself, and is not merely reflected off its surface. We have already discussed how the cross represents Christs Second Coming, of which His transfiguration is a foretaste. There's tremendous detail in (The Feast of the Transfiguration, Great Vespers, Aposticha). Such is the sixth century apse mosaic at the basilica of Saint Apollinare in Classe, five miles from Ravenna, Italy. The process of labour is thus completed in transfiguration, a living light that knows no diminution in its sharing. So with Basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, we enjoyed every look. Over the tunic of skin given by his parents as a result of their fall, Abel wears a priestly chasuble. The Aryans believe that as people grow old, they become a "man of sorrow." These Splendid Mosaics at Basilica Sant'Apollinare Nuovo Will Take Your Breath Away (Ravenna, Italy). he would take Communion. The altar table, symbolically speaking, is the exclusive prerogative of the Church, but the ciborium protects this altar, and this protection the state can offer through its laws and privileges. Two men, Moses and Elijah, appeared in glorious splendour, talking with Jesus. Their presence confirms the reading of the apse as a paradise, regained by Christ through the victorious cross. On the north wall of the apse, opposite the Melchezidek work, is a depiction of the Eastern Roman emperor Constantine IV (668-685) granting certain privileges - probably tax concessions - to Ravennas archbishops. The mosaic gives us adumbrations of this cosmic transfiguration. In so doing, Christ raised up the created and fallen human life that He had assumed (the six days of creation), so that it could participate in divine and eternal life (the eighth day). Perhaps this is the meaning of the ciborium held by the emperors attendant. The Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo was included in the list of Italian World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 1996. In the Gospel of Matthew Christ tells us that at His coming again there will appear the sign of the Son of Man in heaven (Matthew 24:30). I quite agree, Fr. 5 April 2006. While he was speaking, a cloud appeared and covered them, and they were afraid as they entered the cloud. So what our mosaic concentrates on is not so much Christs transfiguration but ours. But we can delve deeper still into our mosaics other layers of meaning. In turn: - Enclosure. So these stars are effectively the cloud of heavenly hosts who will accompany Christ at His Parousia. to build a torch so precious.[2]. The Two Faces of Jesus - How the early church pictured the divine, Robert M. Jensen, BR 18:05, Oct 2002. [1] Saint Irenaeus, quoted in Man and the Incarnation: A Study in The Biblical Theology of Irenaeus by Gustaf Wingren. Our mosaic seems to be saying that the Transfiguration transports us humans back to paradise, our original home where we were intended to meet and commune with God. But before we get to that, let's talk about the church for a second. How does one overcome this obstacle and encourage the commissioners of these works to open their minds a bit? Above the paradisiacal landscape with Apollinaris, on a golden background, the hand of God emerges from the white clouds. We had work to do in paradise. Why then did He allow His light to shine in this particular instance, on Mount Tabor? This makes the apse trinitarian, if one takes the gold background and the white to suggest the presence of the Holy Spirit. One key to the deeper meaning of our mosaic is given in fact some days before the event of the Transfiguration itself. So we are now in a place to gather together all these connotations of the term paradise and relate them to our mosaic. This is chiefly due to the mixture of Eastern and Western Christianity motifs, as shown by the Eastern Orthodox (bearded) and Western Orthodox (non-bearded) versions of Christ. Scholars date the uppermost tier of the triumphal arch to the ninth century. Irenaeus reminds us that Man is created in the image of God [i.e. But I would suggest that our cross also suggests the Ascension, or rather the words of the angels accompanying the Ascension: Men of Galilee, they said, why do you stand here looking into the sky? Designs on Saint Apollinares chasuble reveals that they were afraid as they entered the.! Shine in this particular instance, on either side of the apse,! 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