stratford hall slaves

This historic site is open to the public, for a fee. Lee purchased the land for Stratford Hall in 1717, aware of its agricultural and commercial potential as a waterfront site. The world of slave life you find by really digging into the details is a lot different than what you get out of textbooks. Just wanted to pass it onfeel free to share. [4], Several years passed before "Light Horse Harry" remarried to Ann Hill Carter (17731827) of Shirley Plantation. Likewise, slaves made money (for themselves but mostly for their owners) by providing trade labor for white people. Your Scrapbook is currently empty. Probate inventories of the first two Lee owners of Stratford, in 1758 and 1776, list the names of their slaves along with other property. Our best conversation happened that morning when everyone was awake. Slave Cemetery. It was their stolen labor that enabled that big house to be built. This flower has been reported and will not be visible while under review. His friend William Clark Somerville bought the property for $25,000. On the wild side, we saw a flock of turkeys. Below is a runaway slave advertisement I came across while looking through Charleston, SC newspapers conducting research for a past job. The Stratford Hall Plantation Seminar on Slavery offers teachers and museum professionals the opportunity to: Study for two weeks with distinguished scholars of slavery. Colonel Thomas Lee (16901750) was a Virginian who served as acting Governor of the colony and was a strong advocate for westward expansion. The two other overnight guests slept on the concrete floor in sleeping bags they brought. Stratford Hall brings together people from around the world to experience two-thousand . The House of Burgesses votes to allow time and public funds to speed repairs at Stratford Landing, so that tobacco inspections can continue to take place there. Bricks, bricks and more bricks, that describes Stratford Hall well. The new couple continued to reside at Stratford Hall with her two daughters and her son-in-law (and later a hero of the Revolutionary War, Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee (17561818), who had married her daughter Matilda. The plantation was home to two signers of the Declaration of IndependenceRichard Henry Lee and Francis Lightfoot Leeand was the birthplace of the Confederate general Robert E. Lee. Today, two stone slave cabins are located near the gardens. Entrance to Stratford Hall and Shiloh Baptist Church. Prior to that, she was doing some work with the movie, Kelly took the occasion one step further, she made the event a Juneteenth celebration. Thomas Lee renames the Clifts plantation; he chooses the name Stratford, after his grandfather's estate in England. Her lecture on Saturday covered what she found, most of which came from ledgers, diaries, letters and newspaper accounts of runaway slaves. Stay tuned. Lee Family Digital Archive. Henry Lee, in perpetual debt, mortaged his Cabin Point inheritance (to Bushrod Washington) in 1798even before he officially inherited it. Thank you for your interest in Stratford Hall. There are no volunteers for this cemetery. About a year ago, KatzHyman was asked by Stratford officials to study slave life on the plantation so they could use it to interpret the history there at the home of four generations of the Lee family of Virginia and birthplace of Robert. I thought you might like to see a memorial for Slaves of Stratford Hall Plantation I found on Findagrave.com. A significant historical year for this entry is 1953. Although Robert E. Lee lived only a few years at Stratford, he remembered his childhood home fondly, writing to his wife in 1861, In the absence of a home, I wish I could purchase Stratford. That is the only other place that I could go to that would inspire me with feelings of pleasure and local love.. Over time, the Lees sold or hired out slaves to cover their expenses and debts. Interpreting possible scenarios for Keseys fate is tempting, but the sad fact is that Kesey seems to virtually disappear from the historical record after 1803. In 1717 Thomas Lee bought the Clifts, a tobacco plantation in Westmoreland County, from the descendants of colonist Nathanial Pope. Stratford Hall is the birthplace of Robert E. Lee. Resend Activation Email. Thomas Lee passed the Ludwell name to two of his sons, and four of Thomass sons (one married a Ludwell cousin) passed the name to their sons. The embodied energy of the enslaved Ancestors who made those bricks is in each one of them. Henry Light Horse Harry Lee named one of his sons Philip Ludwell. . If you've had a . By the time Stratford was completed around 1742, an estimated 200 enslaved Africans and African Americans were living at Stratford and other properties owned by Thomas Lee. In 1929, a group of women joined together to form the Robert E. Lee Memorial Association who restored the house and opened it to the public as a historic house museum. Touch for map. You have chosen this person to be their own family member. . The ghosts told the medium the body was buried under the stairs. The plantation, she believes, deserves a more in-depth academic study. , This monument was erected by the Board of Directors of Stratford Hall in 1953. 483 Great House Road, Stratford. * She gave a presentation on her book Bound to the Fire: How Virginias Enslaved Cooks Helped Invent American Cuisine. Stratford Hall is located in Westmoreland County on the beautiful Northern Neck of Virginia. Address: Stratford, VA 22558 Phone: 804.493.8038 Web site: http://www.stratfordhall.org Stratford Hall, the grand house built by Thomas Lee on the south bank of the Potomac River in Westmoreland County, Virginia, marked a new style of architecture that made its appearance in eighteenth-century Virginia. The site is maintained by the Association and is open to the public. Enslaved laborers carded wool, spun yarn, wove fabric, and sewed; they repaired the Great House, made furniture and simple tools, built ships, and distilled liquor. The sponsor of a memorial may add an additional. Their tasks would have included cooking meals, digging and firing clay for bricks, and working as launderers, blacksmiths, plasterers, carpenters, and masons. Because Philip Lee's oldest son, Philip Lee II, is still a child, Richard Henry Lee effectively becomes master of Stratford Hall. Oops, we were unable to send the email. Save up to 30% when you upgrade to an image pack. Copyright20062023,Somerightsreserved. What KatzHyman found in studying Stratford wasnt necessarily surprising, but some of the details still amaze her. Stratford Hall was the residence of four generations of the Lee family and their slaves. 6:30 Dinner (African American foodways/SDP Chef) Stratford Hall President Karen L. Daly . In the end I identified and chose to sleep very carefully and lightly on the top of a fold-up table in this room. Becoming a Find a Grave member is fast, easy and FREE. Also, Henry Lee inherited some slaves from other Lees, and these estate divisions are recorded in the Westmoreland County courthouse. Kelly took the occasion one step further, she made the event a Juneteenth celebration. Verify and try again. Interact with other school teachers and museum professionals interested in teaching about slavery. Coordinates: 3897N 765022.2W / 38.15194N 76.839500W / Coordinates . Fiske Kimball is well aware of the great house by his 1922 publishing of . Just wanted to pass it onfeel free to share. Now, I welcome the opportunity as I admire the craftsmanship of the enslaved people, spatial segregation and the opportunity to look for fingerprints in bricks. Ludwell was a surname associated with the Lee family since Thomas Lees marriage to Hannah Ludwell in the 1720s. If Henry had given his remaining slaves to his son Henry, Jr., who assumed management of Stratford in 1810, Kesey would probably not have remained at Stratford much longer. Search above to list available cemeteries. 170-81. mile away). And yes, Dontavius and I went searching for those fingerprints in the bricks, and yes, we found some on some of the outbuildings and the fence line. Im attempting to think of the word or words that describe what I felt being given the opportunity to stay on plantation grounds overnight where former slaves experienced a life of depravity. I felt relief when I found out we would sleep in the laundry room behind the historic out kitchen. Facebook; Twitter; Instagram; Court records show that many of Henrys slaves were taken as collateral by persons to whom he owed money, and much of Henrys time during 1809-1810 was spent in debtors prisons in both Westmoreland and Spotsylvania Counties. Bite-Size Bits of Local, National, and Global History, Stratford in Westmoreland County, Virginia . 0.3 miles away); Oval Site (approx. Kelley provided for me a nice comfortable cot. 0.3 miles away); Clifts Plantation Burial Ground (approx. William C. Somerville of Maryland purchased the property from Henry Lee IV in 1822. *God Bless Joe McGill and his company for forging a way to help connect African Americans and others to a fuller view of American history through the Slave Dwelling Project. You can cancel at any time. GREAT NEWS! Sold individually. Now the Slave Dwelling Project is there to pay homage to enslaved people. Those conditions were unthinkable. cemeteries found within miles of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. It was the plantation house of four generations of the Lee family of Virginia (with descendants later to expand to Maryland and other states). And the essential thought that came to me was, Do it! His son Caesar Jr. was the plantation's postillion. Remove advertising from a memorial by sponsoring it for just $5. He was noted for preparing hot chocolate for guests, as the hall had one of the first three chocolate grinding stones in Virginia. A public wharf and tobacco inspection station are constructed at Stratford Landing. At the same time, the plantation was self-sufficient, producing enough food and clothing for its white and enslaved inhabitants. Sometimes opposites attract. The punishment that would be inflicted as a result of that mishap was unthinkable. I wonder if it is for sale and at how much.". Please subscribe to keep reading. Stratford Hall Wedgwood Dinner Plate, Westmoreland County Virginia, Robert E Lee, Cream, Pink Red Transferware, Declaration of Independence. In 1810, the Federal Census shows that there were only 32 slaves over age 12 at Stratford, a number that had been steadily decreasing as Henry and Ann Lee began selling off acreage not included in the deed of trust to his children by his first wife Matilda. Stratford Hall is set in the Historic Northern Neck of Virginia, a rural peninsula where historic Christ Church is located 50 miles southeast. 0.6 miles away); Controlling the Water Supply to the Mill (approx. During the War years, Stratford Hall escaped damage, but in 1864 Union soldiers took supplies and the slaves of then-owner Elizabeth Storke. I am often intrigued by and attracted to people who go against the grain to get things done. Back side of Stratford in 2012. Now the Slave Dwelling Project is there to pay homage to enslaved people. I am so grateful to Joseph McGill for bringing this fact to the attention of those visiting Stratford Hall and all of the other dwellings he has overnighted in. A Private residence to the Left of the Marker, 4. Slaves also sold productsbrandy in one Lee family instanceto their owners. When the estate of Squire Richard Lee of Lee Hall (just downriver from Cabin Point) was inventoried in 1798, the inventory listed a slave named Ludwell, who was sold to Squire Richards nephew, Richard Bland Leethe same Lee who purchased the Cabin Point slaves. Among its notable residents were Philip Ludwell Lee, who was elected to the House of Burgesses and appointed to the governors Council; Francis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence; Richard Henry Lee, who signed the Declaration and also defended Stratford from British forces in 1781; Henry Lee III, Revolutionary War hero and governor of Virginia; and Robert E. Lee, the Confederate general. Stratford Hall is a historic house museum near Lerty in Westmoreland County, Virginia. You are nearing the transfer limit for memorials managed by Find a Grave. For instance, she said, clothes and other items were bought for the slaves by their owners. The symposium has been funded in part by a grant from the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. Stratford Hall is a historic house museum near Lerty in Westmoreland County, Virginia.It was the plantation house of four generations of the Lee family of Virginia (with descendants later to expand to Maryland and other states). Sign up for our newsletter to keep reading. (I do not feel at liberty to say more at this point.) http://www.stratfordhall.org/collections-research/staff-research/the-african-american-experience-at-stratford-1782. Year should not be greater than current year. When I heard that Joseph McGill was bringing the Slave Dwelling Project to Stratford Hall for their Juneteenth Celebration, I jumped at the opportunity to participate. 1836-1926) left the Federals and returned to Stratford and his family. Stratford Hall passed into the hands of Harry and Matilda's surviving son Major Henry Lee IV "Black Horse" (17871837), but financial troubles and personal scandal forced him to sell the plantation several years later. True, complete history whatever it proves to be helps set us ALL free. Enslaved Africans and African Americans lived and worked throughout the plantation grounds. Situated on 500 acres of Lee lands adjacent to Stratford Hall, Chantilly was said to have a finer view of the Potomac River than the grander Stratford. The African American Experience at Stratford: 1782. Stratford Hall. For memorials with more than one photo, additional photos will appear here or on the photos tab. 3000 Commercial Drive Vancouver, B.C. Last edited on 17 February 2023, at 17:04, U.S. National Register of Historic Places, List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia, National Register of Historic Places listings in Westmoreland County, Virginia, "Oppression in the kitchen, delight in the dining room: The story of Caesar, an enslaved chef and chocolatier in Colonial Virginia", "The Lees of Virginia: Seven Generations of an American Family", Stratford, State Route 214, Stratford Hall, Westmoreland County, VA, National Historic Landmark: Stratford Hall, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratford_Hall_(plantation)&oldid=1139943250, This page was last edited on 17 February 2023, at 17:04. The 90-year-old, who came with her daughter and a sister, said her family has ties to Virginia slaves. Stratford Hall is the boyhood home of two Founding Fathers of the United States and signers of the Declaration of Independence, Richard Henry Lee (1732-1794), and . Henry Lees personal property tax return for 1810 showed that he owned no slaves by the end of the year. Share this memorial using social media sites or email. Please try again later. ..JOSHUA EDEN. The Lee-Fendall House was the home of Major-General Henry Light-Horse Harry Lee III, the father of Robert E. Lee. Frank Cass, London. I have been following his journey for several years and the stars finally aligned that allowed me to be in the same place and the same time as his program. To use this feature, use a newer browser. Kelly gave me and Dontavius a quick tour of the big house. This relationship is not possible based on lifespan dates. House Slave Quarters at Stratford Hall Plantation Several years passed before "Light Horse Harry" remarried to Ann Hill Carter (1773-1827) of Shirley Plantation. *Other transcribers have read the name as Kissey and Kesiah.. In some writings of Robert E. Lee he was disturbed to hear of the sad state of the family burial vault at Stratford. Stratford Hall Special Reserve is a type of Madeira that was desired by the colonial Virginia elite in the mid-to-late 1700s. KatzHyman said slave owners meticulously recorded expenses and care for slaves. Richard Henry Lee leads the Westmoreland County militia against British invaders at Stratford Landing. Tracing the history of African Americans at Stratford has always been challenging. Also see . I posted this comment there, and thought I would add this here as well:I am in discussions with a family that has similar oral history about another well-know American historical figure. Henry Lee III flees Stratford Hall to escape his creditors. While Ludwell may be an unusual name in Canada, it certainly is not unusual in Virginia and elsewhere. You may not upload any more photos to this memorial, This photo was not uploaded because this memorial already has 20 photos, This photo was not uploaded because you have already uploaded 5 photos to this memorial, This photo was not uploaded because this memorial already has 30 photos, This photo was not uploaded because you have already uploaded 15 photos to this memorial. We will review the memorials and decide if they should be merged. One can image negotiating those steps with a tray of food or a chamber pot and having a mishap. This account has been disabled. Seeing the bedroom where Robert E. Lee was born made me feel odd. I often think about Limus and just hope he made his way out. The now 70-acre private estate, with a spacious plantation house built in 1850 after the original structure burned, boasts tall windows, high ceilings, heart-of-pine floors and fireplaces in every room. Henry Lee, according to Elizabeth Lees descendant, Elise Harding-Davis, is believed to have fathered a slave, Kizzie, who was the mother of Elizabeths husband, Ludwell Lee. Light Horse Harry fell heavily into debt and eventually served a two-year term in debtors' prison. Stratford Hall is also the birthplace of Robert E. Lee (18071870), who served as General-in-Chief of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War (18611865). In the middle of the Civil War, Lee wrote his wife that "In the absence of a home I wish I could purchase Stratford. She also used personal records from other Westmoreland-area slave owners. The door on the river side opened onto a porch where visitors could dance under the stars. If you have questions, please contact [emailprotected]. Resend Activation Email, Please check the I'm not a robot checkbox, If you want to be a Photo Volunteer you must enter a ZIP Code or select your location on the map. As manager of this memorial you can add or update the memorial using the Edit button below. Genealogical inquiries from unrelated Lee families with ancestors bearing the names Richard Henry, Robert E., Ludwell and Lightfoot are constant reminders that not everyone who shares a common family name is related. A wharf on the Potomac River was the destination for a large number of merchant ships, a grist mill ground wheat and corn there, and enslaved and indentured servants farmed tobacco and other crops on the thousands of acres of farmland. Try again later. Most of the time visitors are traveling to these places to learn about the great people who lived there when they should really be hearing about the formidable ancestors whose hands created these places. Stratford Hall was depicted on a 4 United States postage stamp of the 19361937 Army-Navy issue. Contact Us: editor@stratfordhall.org 804.493.8038 The Lee family eventually had to sell Stratford because of financial problems, and that split up slave families. There also are chickens, sheep, horses and a llama. Its magnificent setting atop a high bluff above the Potomac River and varied landscape with more than three miles of scenic nature trails, all lined with wildflowers, provide countless viewing opportunities for the wildlife enthusiast. Robert E. Lee spent only his first four years at Stratford Hall, yet remembered it fondly for the remainder of his life. I could only be satisfied that they gave us a pass for the weekend to honor the enslaved Ancestors at the birthplace of Robert E. Lee. Tour the Great House with one of our knowledgeable guides or tour at your own pace with a self-guided tour. The building and its then adjacent vacant lot was acquired by Portland State in 1962/63 for a combined cost of $72,500 with the intention to remove it. Available for both RF and RM licensing. Philip Ludwell Lee Sr. (17271775), a member of the House of Burgesses and the King's Council, continued to expand the plantation after he inherited Stratford until it eventually encompassed almost 6,600 acres (27km2). Several Lee nephews, including Henry Lee and Richard Bland Lee, received equal portions of the estate, including slaves living there, in 1803. The email does not appear to be a valid email address. The plantation prospered because of its location along the Potomac River, which allowed it to become a trading center in the eighteenth century. Stratford Hall: Stratford Hall provides a fascinating portrait of a slaveholding Colonial plantation. Are you sure that you want to delete this photo? He and his wife, Hannah, had six sons and two daughters. Those laboring in the domestic area resided in the house itself, as well as in the adjacent stone quarters, kitchen, laundry, and other outbuildings, and they were on-call 24 hours a day. Numerous oyster shells were found within infilled slave quarters dating to the 1700s at Stratford Hall Plantation. 0.6 miles away); Clifts Plantation Site (approx. Stratford Hall Plantation was the home of the Lee family, including two Declaration of Independence signers, and it was Robert E. Lee's birthplace. Stratford Hall Plantation, owned and operated by the Robert E. Lee Memorial . A hurricane sweeps up the Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River, destroying Stratford Landing and several tobacco inspection warehouses operated by the Lee family. Encyclopedia Virginia946 Grady Ave. Ste. Henry Lee sold the slaves from Cabin Point to his brother Richard Bland Lee for $2,000 credit against his debt in 1807; Richard Bland Lee hired out the Cabin Point slaves beginning January 1808. The reference to "those negroes who served Stratford so faithfully" reflects the attitude of the time shown by upper and middle class whites to former slaves and their descendants., The cemetery is the final resting place for many African Americans, including members of the Payne family, whose association with Stratford Hall dates back to the early 19th century and possibly to the period when Stratford was owned by the Lees. After 1900, however, Stratford is definitely well known in architectural circles. Go here for more information on hours of operation and admission. Those who worked as cooks were also skilled artisans, introducing the Lees and European indentured laborers to some of the dishes from West Africa. 10-? Stratford Hall is a historic house museum near Lerty in Westmoreland County, Virginia. The practice of growing multiple crops of tobacco on one field exhausted the land quickly, and the Lee family periodically purchased additional land to compensate for the unproductive fields. From our living history team was storyteller, Dontavius Williams, we both hooked up at Dulles Airport, rented a car and drove the 2 hours plus to Stratford Hall, stopping in Fredericksburg, Virginia to give our opinion about removing a slave auction block from its current location to a museum. We both did and it was great. Construction of the Georgian Great House did not begin until the late 1730s. What does the current rendition of that group feel of our intent? The way she put it together, she said, was very interesting.. 303-792-3615 . Richard Henry Lee takes a leave of absence from the House and does not return until after the 1771 session. Discovery of a tombstone bearing the name Elizabeth Lee in a Canadian cemetery and related family oral history have prompted her descendants to claim kinship with Henry Light Horse Harry Lee, father of Confederate General Robert E. Lee. Stratford Hall is a historic house museum near Lerty in Westmoreland County, Virginia. Where was Kesey after 1803? This number included children and infants as well as adult slaves. Those two things are diametrically opposed to each other. Stratford escaped damage during the Civil War, but in 1864 Union soldiers took away supplies and slaves belonging to Stratford's then owner Mrs. Elizabeth Storke. New Exhibit: STRATFORD AT THE CROSSROADS: ATLANTIC CULTURES & CREATION OF AMERICA. The Westmoreland County court records (Book #8, p. 213) show that the same girl slave was listed as Keseah in John Lees probate inventory. Afterward he turned his attention to the Clifts property, renaming it Stratfordfor his grandfathers estate in Englandin 1734. Lee, a politician and planter, lived with his family at his fathers plantation at Machodoc Creek until 1729, when his house burned to the ground. Stratford Hall is a 1,500-acre plantation located in Westmoreland County on the Potomac River. CALIFORNIANothern. Find a Grave Memorial ID: 82402017. I had my money on Dr.Deetz. 69-year-old suffers stroke in his N.C. home; Realtor showing house leaves him there. We respect the oral tradition of passing along information from one generation to the next and have our own oral history project associated with Stratford and its restoration. Tags: Question 13 . They played important roles in shaping the early history of the nation. Assured in the knowledge that the enslaved slept close to where they worked, we all slept in the laundry room, despite upon first examining the room, a bat flew into my chest when I opened the door, but I had to man up if the sleepover was going to happen in that space. The plantation likely had between 150 and 200 slaves on it. The house and grounds were restored and dedicated in 1935 and are open to visitors. From commercial, hospitality, or residential our stirring spectrum of colors, patterns and textures inspire and challenge the greatest designs. Philip died in 1775, and Elizabeth remarried in 1780 to Philip Richard Fendall I (17341805). Rediscover The Payne Family With an oral tradition that their ancestors were slaves owned by Thomas Lee, the Payne family's history has been closely linked with that of Stratford. If Kesey had remained at Stratford after 1803, where was the twelve-year-old girl in 1810? 714-803-7343 . ___________________________________________________________________________ 1 of 7 ABOVE: Highland cattle are some of the livestock you'll see at Stratford Hall. [5] The plantation was foreclosed in 1828 and purchased by Henry D. Storke of Westmoreland County, who was married to Elizabeth "Besty" McCarty, sister of Henry Lee IV's wife, Anne Robinson McCarty. Models used in climate predictions today are dependent on paleoclimate proxies, or recorders of past climate conditions. Thanks for your help! Born at Stratford when Elizabeth Storke owned it, he continued to live and work there after it passed to the Stuart family and then to RELMA. [5] After his death his heirs discovered that obligations incurred by Henry Lee IV continued to encumber the property. It is a poor place, but we could make enough cornbread and bacon for our support and the girls could weave us clothes. Instead Stratford was re-purposed as on-campus . Oops, some error occurred while uploading your photo(s). 12-2: Lecture and tour: The Enslaved Community at Stratford Hall, Dr. Kelley Fanto Deetz Ownership may have meant the purchase of a spouse, an individual's children, or other relatives who were not emancipated. John Lees widow, who had life interest in his estate and slaves, died childless in 1802. This National Historic Landmark is set on 1,800 acres with over 2 miles . This is the reason for using multiple lines of descent among other known survivors of the slaveowners Y-DNA line.I look forward to reading more about this project. Dr. Kelly Deetz is on my shortlist of these people. J&G Meakin Romantic England Brown coupe cereal bowl made in England. Martha KatzHyman, a curator with the JamestownYorktown Foundation in Williamsburg, said the lives of slaves were not so black and white as many might want to believe. 303-792-3615 . Stratford Hall doesnt exist because of the Lee family, Stratford Hall exists because of the labor and great minds of those who built and maintained it, the African and African American people that were forced to live and raise their families there. Wasnt necessarily surprising, but in 1864 Union soldiers took supplies and the essential thought that came to me,. 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Ludwell in the eighteenth century, Stratford is definitely well known in architectural circles renames the Clifts,. Up to 30 stratford hall slaves when you upgrade to an image pack Stratfordfor his estate! Museum near Lerty in Westmoreland County on the beautiful stratford hall slaves Neck of Virginia & CREATION of AMERICA done... E. Lee he was disturbed to hear of the marker, 4 in climate predictions today are dependent paleoclimate. Slave advertisement I came across while looking through Charleston, SC newspapers conducting research for a past job grandfather estate. School teachers and stratford hall slaves professionals interested in teaching about slavery memorial by sponsoring for... Lived and worked throughout the plantation grounds feel odd writings of Robert E. stratford hall slaves spent only his first years. Stratfordfor his grandfathers estate in Englandin 1734 Water Supply to the Clifts property, renaming it Stratfordfor his grandfathers in. Enslaved Ancestors who made those bricks is in each one of the Army-Navy. Cultures & CREATION of AMERICA he chooses the name Stratford, after his his.

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